Django cheat sheet

Posted on 2017-12-31 Edited on 2020-12-08 In computer

1、通过创建一个新的 virtualenv 为部署 Django 应用程序设置环境：

mkvirtualenv DjangoApp

要退出新的 virtualenv，请使用 deactivate。您可以使用 workon 在环境之间切换。要加载或在 virtualenv 之间切换，请使用 workon 命令：

workon DjangoApp

在您的当前环境中安装 Django

pip install Django

2、使用 django-admin 命令创建项目

django-admin startproject demoproject

3、进入demo project文件夹，使用python manage.py startapp 创建应用.

cd demoproject
python manage.py startapp demoapp

4、测试项目服务器，Ctrl+C退出服务器。

python manage.py runserver

或者指定服务器ip和端口。

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

5、创建超级用户用于登陆django admin后台管理平台。

python manage.py createsuperuser admin

6、编辑设置文件和项目相关文件。
settings.py 控制项目参数。

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'clips',
]

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',#mysql.connector.django
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': '123456',
        'NAME': 'demoproject',
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
        'PORT': '3306',
    }
}

urls.py 控制访问请求路径

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from demoproject.views import hello
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^hello/$', hello),
]

views.py 控制访问请求的应答

from django.http import HttpResponse
def hello(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello world")

demoapp/models.py 控制数据结构（表格、变量、变量属性）

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models

class User(models.Model):
    user_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    password = models.CharField(max_length=40)
    email = models.EmailField()
    headshot = models.ImageField(upload_to='headshot',null=True,blank=True)
    brief = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    join_date = models.DateField()
    user_star = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.user_name
......

demoapp/admin.py 控制后台注册和数据呈现

from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import User, Clip, Link
import sys;  
reload(sys);  
sys.setdefaultencoding("utf8")

class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('user_name', 'password', 'email')
    search_fields = ('user_name', 'email')
......
admin.site.register(User,UserAdmin)
......

7、当你修改models.py时，需要通过makemigrations将修改反应到数据库中去。

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

8、利用template来呈现页面。

首先要修改settings.py

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'templates')],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            # ...

接下来建文件夹templates

\demoproject
    \demoproject
    \demoapp
    \templates
    manage.py

修改demoproject\views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
import datetime
def current_datetime(request):
    now = datetime.datetime.now()
    return render(request, 'current_datetime.html', {'current_date': now})

在templates文件夹，新建html模版文件current_datetime.html。

\mysite_project\mysite\templates\current_datetime.html

{% raw %}
<html>
    <body>
        It is now {{ current_date }}
    </body>
</html>
It is now {{ current_date }}.
{% endraw %}

模版的继承，比如我们建一个地层模版，然后在这个模版的基础上加载子模版，这样就可以避免重复。
参考：https://djangobook.com/templates-in-views/

base.html

{% raw %}
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>My helpful timestamp site</h1>
    {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    {% block footer %}
    <hr>
    <p>Thanks for visiting my site.</p>
    {% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
{% endraw %}

current_datetime.html

{% raw %}
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}The current time{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
    <p>It is now {{ current_date }}.</p>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}

hours_ahead.html

{% raw %}
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}Future time{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<p>
    In {{ hour_offset }} hour(s), it will be {{ next_time }}.
</p>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}

9、利用form来获取用户数据。

mysite_project\mysite\books\templates\books\search_form.html

{% raw %}
<html>
<head>
    <title>Search</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form action="/search/" method="get">
        <input type="text" name="q">
        <input type="submit" value="Search">
    </form>
</body>
</html>
{% endraw %}

mysite\books\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url
from books import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^search-form/$', views.search_form),
    url(r'^search/$', views.search),
]

mysite\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
urlpatterns = [
# ...
    url(r'^', include('books.urls')),
]

books\views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
def search_form(request):
    return render(request, 'books/search_form.html')
def search(request):
    if 'q' in request.GET:
        message = 'You searched for: %r' % request.GET['q']
    else:
        message = 'You submitted an empty form.'
    return HttpResponse(message)

参考：https://djangobook.com/django-forms/

定义表单类，更简洁的获取用户数据的方法。

mysite_project\mysite\mysite\forms.py

from django import forms
class ContactForm(forms.Form):
    subject = forms.CharField()
    email = forms.EmailField(required=False)
    message = forms.CharField()

mysite_project\mysite\mysite\views.py

from django.http import Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render
import datetime
from mysite.forms import ContactForm    
from django.core.mail import send_mail, get_connection


def contact(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = ContactForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            cd = form.cleaned_data
            con = get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend')
            send_mail(
                cd['subject'],
                cd['message'],
                cd.get('email', 'noreply@example.com'),
                ['siteowner@example.com'],
                connection=con
            )
            return HttpResponseRedirect('/contact/thanks/')
    else:
        form = ContactForm()
    return render(request, 'contact_form.html', {'form': form})

mysite_project\mysite\templates\contact_form.html

{% raw %}
<html>
<head>
    <title>Contact us</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        ul.errorlist {
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
        }
        .errorlist li {
            background-color: red;
            color: white;
            display: block;
            font-size: 1.2em;
            margin: 0 0 3px;
            padding: 4px 5px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Contact us</h1>
    {% if form.errors %}
        <p style="color: red;">
            Please correct the error{{ form.errors|pluralize }} below.
        </p>
    {% endif %}
    <form action="" method="post" novalidate>
        <table>
            {{ form.as_table }}
        </table>
        {% csrf_token %}
        <input type="submit" value="Submit">
    </form>
</body>
</html>
{% endraw %}

10、urls进阶

\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^hello/$', views.hello),
    url(r'^time/$', views.current_datetime),
          url(r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', views.hours_ahead),
]

\urls.py

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^$', views.homepage),
    url(r'^(\d{4})/([a-z]{3})/$', views.archive_month),
]
if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += [url(r'^debuginfo/$', views.debug),]

\urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^reviews/2003/$', views.special_case_2003),
    url(r'^reviews/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    url(r'^reviews/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),
    url(r'^reviews/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.review_detail),
]